Malla-Sainthwar-Rajput History: The journey from Santhagara to Sainthwar
From Vedic Era till 2011 AD, From Epics of Ramayana-Mahabharata till Census of British India, From ruling families of Mahajanpadas till landholding community of British India, From practicing ancient democracies as Gana-Sangha till residents of Bharat Gana-rajya.
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covered in 10 chapters, spreading over 450 pages with approximate 250 references of online books written by some well-known authors of India.
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Malla - Sainthwar - Rajput Community: The landholding community of
Gorakhpur province and United provinces of Agra and Oudh of British India
In Gorakhpur Province, the Census of
North-West Provinces, 1865 records the population of Malla - Sainthwar caste at
59,823, of Bhumihar caste at 30,739, of Rajput caste at 1,23,238 and of Kurmi
caste at 171,005 [1]. There were total 35 castes having occupation or earning
source as agriculture in the early census of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
(present Uttar Pradesh) with only 4 castes as landholding castes; namely
Bhumihar, Rajput, Sainthwar and Taga (Tyagi)............... click here to read more.
1. Malla (Sainthwars) Kshatriyas in 600 BC India:
The small kingdoms or janpadas were merged into big
monarchs known as Mahajanpadas. They were sixteen in number and referred as the
Solasa Mahajanpada of ancient India; refer Fig 1.3. The period also witnessed
the rise of small republican states in certain regions, referred as Gana or
Sangha.* Most states derived their name after the ruling tribe of that region,
for example Malla, Kuru and Panchala were the name of ruling tribes...... click
here to read more
2. Procreative relationship in ancient time:
Shakya and Lichchhavi tribes, who populated northern India in the late
Vedic period, practiced relationship between kin. They did so to maintain
purity of their Kshatriya blood and proudly claimed origin of their community
from the marital ties between brothers and sisters. In the Ambattha Sutta,
Buddha tells the origin of his Shakya clan from the marital ties between
brothers and sisters........ click
here to read more
3. Mall - Sainthwar Kshatriya in epic Ramayana and Mahabharata:
Valmiki Ramayana traces the origin of first Malla as the son of Lakshmana.
According to commentary in it,................................ It is
evident from Mahabharata (VI.9.46) which mentions Mallas as eastern tribes
along with Angas, Vangas and Kalingas (the residents of Bengal and Orissa). It
further mentions the country as Malla-rashtra (VI.9.34) and shows Bhima
conquers the Malla King during Rajysuya yajna of Yudhisthra at Indraprashta
(II.30.3). As they were conquered, the Malla King participated in the
Mahabharata war from the Pandava’s side, though no casualty of either King or
Prince is reported. By the end of the late Vedic period, Malla territory rose
to prominence as monarch................... click here to read more
4. The Mall - Sainthwar republics:
On the political front, the entire region saw the emergence and coexistence
of monarchs such as Kasi, Kosala and Magadha with small republics known as
Sangha or Gana. The details of the republics are preserved in the Buddhist and
Jain texts. It consisted the Shakyas of Kapilvastu, the Mallas of Pava and
Kusinara,................ click
here to read more
5. The ancient settlement of Mall - Sainthwars:
Malla - The ruling tribes of Malla are referred as Suryavanshi Kshatriyas with
Vasetthas gotra in Buddhist and Brahmanic literatures. They find their mention
as Mallas in Pali text, Mallai in Jain Text and Mallakas in Arthasastra by
Chanakya where he refers them as people living with the title Raja. There is
mention of nearly five hundred Malla Rajas (Santhagara members) during the
Buddha Period. The tribe had their major settlements at Aniruddhawa,
Bhogagamanagara, Sathiawan, Anupia, Khukhundo, Kahaon and Bhagalpur other than
Kusinara and Pava which were also their capitals.....Other than these places,
the present Kakradih and Majhauli are also designated as two of the navmallikis
related to the Mallas of Pava by historians like Rahul Sankrityayan, Dr.
Rajbali Pandey and Buddhamitra T.M.B. due to the presence of strong Malla
titled population. While Kakradih, famously referred as ‘Mallai Taluka’ from
the time immemorial, is located on the south of the River Ghaghara (Sarayu) in
Mau district of Uttar Pradesh, Majhauli is located in Deoria district in the
same state. However the ancient name of both places in Buddhist texts cannot be
traced. Based on these findings, the Malla territory is believed to be spread
from Devgaon-Devurwa of Nepal in north till Mau district of Uttar Pradesh in
south covering entire Maharajganj district, Sahjanwa, Barhalganj and border areas
of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.................. Click here to read more
Shakya - By the end of the Vedic period, Ulump, Khomduss, Chatum,
Devdah, Medloomp, Bedhajja, Sakkar, Samgram, Shilavati, Kapilvastu and Lumbini
emerged as major settlements in the Shakya territory.............Their
territory was bounded by Himalaya in the north and by the Malla country in the
northeast. It shared borders with the Koliyas in the east with River Rohini
(present Kohna) as dividing line and with the Kosala Kingdom in the south and
west with River Rapti as dividing line. In present time, Shakya territory seems
to be entire Siddharthnagar, northern part of Basti and some part of
Maharajganj districts of Uttar Pradesh and Terai belt of Nepal. Kapilvastu, the
main city of Shakyans is a disputed area........................ click here to read more
Koliya - The Koliya territory was surrounded by the hills of Nepal in
the north, by the Mallas in the northeast, by the Mauryas of Pipphalivana in
the east, by the Kosala Kingdom in the south and west with River Anoma (present
Rapti) as dividing line and by the Shakyas in the northwest with River Rohini
as dividing line. Thus the country of Koliya was a thin strip of land spread
from River Ghaghara in the south till the northern hills of Nepal. It covered
around 32 km from east to west. Their villages figured in the Buddhist
literatures are Uttara, Kakkarapatta, Sajjanela, Haliddavasana, Kundia / Kundi
and Sapuga [22]........Based on all
these arguments, the capital of Koliyas ‘Ramagrama’ was identified by
Cunningham as Deokali - a city between Kapilvastu and Kusinagara, Rampur-Deoria
by Sir Karlail, Ramgadh Taal of Gorakhpur by Dr. Rajbali Pandey, Dharmauli by
Sir Smith and Vanarsinha village of Nautanwa in Maharajganj district by T.M.B.
Buddhamitra [23]......... click here to read more.
Maurya - The Mauryas were known as Suryavanshi Kshatriyas with
Kashayapa Gotra. Their territory was surrounded by the Mallas in the north and
the east, by River Ghaghra in the south, by the Kosala Kingdom in the southwest
with River Anoma (Rapti) as dividing line and by the Koliyas in the northwest
who also acted as dividing line between them and the Shakyas. The territory
covered roughly 40 km from east to west and 80-90 km from north to
south......................... Based on it, the capital of Mauryas is believed
to be located somewhere in the Bansgaon region of the Gorakhpur district of
Uttar Pradesh [25].............. click here to read more.
Buli - In present time, the area ruled by Bulis cannot be traced
except the understanding that it was close to Kusinara as they and the Brahmins
of Vethadipa demanded the relics of Buddha and built stupa over it. On the
legacy front, the Bulis because of their republican governance, proximity with
Kusinara and following Buddhism, could be forming a small section of the
Santhavara group of Kshatriyas led by the Mallas (the
Sainthwars................... click here to read more.
6. The Santhagara - The way of administration and origin of "Sainthwar
/ Santhavar" name for Kshatriyas of Gana - Sangha
It is evident from many historical events that the republican states took
their decisions, either social or political, through common agreement between
its members. For this, they had a meeting place or the general assembly point,
known as Santhagara. It is a Pali / Sanskrit word derived from the combination
of Santha / Sanstha (group) and Agara (the house or assembly point). The
membership of the assembly, referred as sangha or gana, was restricted to same
clan male adults having a minimum age of 20 years.............. click here to read more.
7. Bandhula Mall vs Lichchhavi republic of Vaishali:
Except Magadhan Empire, the Lichchavi tribe was in good terms with Kosala
and Malla except some cases as that seen from the incident of Bandhula Malla.
After the Buddha’s death,............ click here to read more
8. Mall - Sainthwar helping Kosala Prince against King
Prasenjit of Kosala:
After listening it, the prince felt ashamed and
enquired about the matter from his father. He became furious to know that
Pasenadi was aware of it. He decided to take revenge from his father and the
Shakya’s of Kapilvastu. After some period, he successfully displaced Pasenadi
with the help of Mallas. He then went............. click here to read more:
9. Mall of Kusinara (Sainthwars) getting message from Mauryas for Buddha
ashes:
Although Kusinara had been near to Pipphalivana yet Mauryas were the last
one to arrive at the funeral site. When the ashes were already distributed, the
Malla kings got the request from the Mauryas for sharing of the relics. It has
been referred in the Digha Nikaya of Maha-parinibbana-sutta as –
atha kho
pipphalivaniya moriya kosinarakanaj mallanaj dutaj pahesuj:
'bhagava pi khattiyo mayaj pi khattiya|
mayam pi arahama bhagavato sariranaj bhagaj
mayam pi bhagavato sariranaj thupab ca
mahab ca karissamati|'
The message was brought by a Brahmin which reads ‘The envoy has been sent to
Kosinarka Malla by Pipphalivana Moriya................ click here to read
10. Coordination between republic rulers:
According to Buddhist literatures, the Lichchhavis
formed a league with Videha and together they were called as Vajjis. The
Lichchhavis had once formed a federation with their neighbor Malla. The federal
council was composed of eighteen members, nine Lichchhavis and nine Mallas. In
the federation, both parties were having equal rights even though Malla were
not a great power as Lichchhavis..... click here to read
11. Malla - Sainthwar republic Kshatriyas exercising
class / caste superiority over others:
The republic states were closely associated with the
warrior tribes and named after the ruling Kshatriya clan or King. Literatures
report that in republics, unlike the monarchy, only two Varnas existed. The
first and foremost was ruling Kshatriya Varna and the second was Dasa Karmakara
Varna. Land, which resembled power, was mostly owned by the political elite
Kshatriyas which comprised kings, nobles, ministers, military commanders and
other officers. These populations exercised their rights on land and also on
other things which they liked. The story of Lichchhavis, whereby they didn’t
allow an exceptionally beautiful woman Amrapali to marry but made her to belong
to all Lichchhavi men by declaring her as nagarvadhu, is an example of
extraordinary rights of Kshatriyas. Rice cultivation was the main agricultural
activity in republics and there are evidences of Dasa-Karmakaras (slaves and
laborers) in the fields of Raja-Kulas (the land owning Kshatriya Clans). The
Jatkas report that many Kshatriyas took considerable interest in learning
Vedas... click here to read more
12. Caste supremacy in republics:
In the entire episode, Brahmin
Ambattha accepted the superiority of Kshatriyas over Brahmins based on the
social status of children born out of wedlock between Kshatriya father –
Brahmin mother, Brahmin father – Kshatriya mother and outcasted Kshatriyas and
outcasted Brahmins. Buddha based on above social facts reiterated that ‘whether
one compares women with women, or men with men, the Kshatriyas are higher and
the Brahmans inferior.............................................Other than
the Brahmins, there were people living in these territories whose occupation
and social status make it clear that they were none other than Shudras or labor
class. However there is no mention of any such word in Buddhist and Jain texts.
This class included few artisans who were involved in their hereditary
professions such as potters (kumbhakara), smiths (kammara), ivory-workers
(dantakar), carpenters (vaddaki) and so on. ......................... click here to read more.
13. Caste supremacy struggle between Malla - Sainthwar
Kshatriyas and Brahmins:
By 600 BC, the warrior class raced far ahead than
the priestly class with respect to land holding and political power. They also
participated and challenged the priestly populations in the field of
spirituality and religious activities. Though there can be always a debate on
the point that who enjoyed the supreme status in the society till the Gupta
Empire, but in the republican states of the east of the Aryavrata they were the
Kshatriyas who undoubtedly occupied and enjoyed the supreme position in
society. In the enumeration of castes in the Milindapanha (5, 122, 331), the
Kshatriyas precede the Brahmins. The superior status of the Kshatriyas is
pointedly brought out in the Pali Nidanakatha (i 49) and the Sanskrit
Lalitavistara (i 20) [8]. The
superiority is also clear from the legend in which Buddha wished to reborn as
Kshatriya and not as Brahmin............ Jain Suttas also say that the
Kshatriyas occupied the foremost position in society. No Tirthankara was born
into a clan other than that of Kshatriya and a legend also says that Mahavira
was removed from the womb of Brahmini Devananda and placed in the Kshatriyani
Trishala as tirthankara can not born in other clans than of Kshatriyas [9]. This legend
clearly indicates the sentiment prevailing in Jain followers of that time about
the greater status of the Kshatriyas over Brahmins.................. click here to read more.
14. Siddhartha in Malla – Sainthwar ruled territory
before becoming Buddha:
He crossed the River Anoma and entered into the
Anupiya town of Malla republic. He cut off his long hair with his own sword and
removed the royal cloth............ click here to
read more
15. Buddha in Malla- Sainthwar ruled territory initiating
pravajja:
His only son Rahul was then 7 years old. There
he initiated Rahul for pravajja and thus stopped his family chain there itself.
He then went to Anupiya town in Malla territory. There around hundred Shakya
adults were waiting for him to initiate pravajja for them. The Shakyans
............. click here to read more
16. Malla - Sainthwar Kshatriyas becoming follower of
Buddha:
Some Kshatriya personalities of these republics
whose name frequently appears in various Buddhist texts are – From Shakya
clan: Ananda, Bhadidya, Aniruddha, Bhirugu, Mimbil, Devdatta, Rahul
(son of Buddha), queen Mahaprajapati Gautami, princess Tishya, Abhirupa Nanda,
princess Mitra, princess Sundari Nanda alias Janpad Kalyani Nanda etc. From
Malla clan: Pukkush Malla Putra, Dabba, prince Siha, prince Yashdant,
prince Godhik, prince Subahu, prince Wallilya, prince Uttaim, prince Suman etc
[3]. From Lichchhavi clan: Mahali Lichchhavi, Mahanam Lichchhavi, Abhaya
Lichchhavi, Mandak Lichchhavi, Maddip Lichchhavi and Ottha Lichchhavi were main
upasakas of Buddha. Prince Bodhi, prince Abhaya, prince Jaysena, King Udayan
and King Papasi also figured as the upasakas of Buddha........... click here to read more.
17. Mall – Sainthwar King forcing and punishing people not welcoming Buddha
(enforcing own religious belief or inclination on others):
According to the Kusinara Sutta, Buddha once visited the place on the
invitation of Kusinara Chief Vajrapani Malla. He stayed in the forests of
Baliharan with his 250 disciples. The chief then ordered to assemble one person
per family to receive the Lord Buddha in the town failing which they would be
fined 500 pieces (of money). The order clearly indicates that not all Mallas
and the other population living in the Malla republic were................... click here to read more
18. Nirvana of Mahavira in the courtyard of Malla –
Sainthwar King:
According to Jaina Kalpasutra and Parisista-parvam,
Mahavira attained nirvana in the courtyard of King Hastipala Malla of Pava
(Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh). The last rite was attended by the nine Malla
Rajas, nine Lichchhavi Rajas and others including the ruling classes of Kosala
and Kasi. The moment has been recorded in Kalpasutra as -
Kasi Kosalaga, Navmallai, Navlichchhavi
Attharas ganarajyon, amavasaye posdhopawas parita.’
As an honor to the great sage, four beautiful Jain temples were built by the
rulers at the spot where Mahavira left his mortal existence. Nearly... click here to read more
19. Mahaparinirvana of Buddha in Malla – Sainthwar ruled
territory:
By evening Buddha along with Ananda and other monks
reached to the outskirts of Kusinara. .................He asked Ananda to meet
Malla Kings and to inform them about his passing away this night. That time,
Malla kings were assembled in their town. After hearing the news, they wept and
expressing their grief in various ways reached to the spot with family........................
He convinced the Mallas of Kusinara and divided the relics in eight parts. Each
group was then given one part who built stupa over it. The eight parties were –
1. Malla of Kusinara, 2. Malla of Pava, 3. Koliya of Ramagrama, ................
Thus 8 Stupas, 9th Kumbha Stupa and 10th Angara (Ember) Stupa were built on the
remains of Buddha. ......................click here to read more
20. King Ajatshatru of Magadha defeating Mall – Sainthwar
Kings:
Two years before the death of Buddha, Shakya
republic of Kapilvastu was already devastated by King Vidudabbha of Kosala.
After the death of Buddha, Malla republic was conquered by King Ajatshatru of
Magadha. Ajatshatru continued his aggression and took war on the Lichchhavis of
Vaishali for nearly 16 years in which the latter were finally defeated...... click here to read
As per the Jaina text of Bhagawati sutra, Ajatshatru
continued with his aggression and conquered most of the eastern parts of India
around Ganges that covered 2 kingdoms of Kasi and Kosala along with 36
republican states that included nine Mallas states, nine Lichchhavi states and
18 other republican states........click here to
read more
21. Malla - Sainthwar republic Kshatriyas and birth of
Chandragupta Maurya:
In the next 100-150 years after the Buddha’s
parinirvana, republican states as independent powers were completely vanished.
In the period of the Nandas, the Kshatriyas of the republics were killed in
masses and the female Kshatriyas were made royal servants. Buddhist literatures
like the Digha Nikaya, Mahavamsa and Divyavadana suggest that in a war with the
neighboring Kingdom, the Maurya chief of Pipphalivana village died leaving his
family destitute. He died while serving as loyal troops of Shishunagas who
fought with the armies of Mahapadma Nanda. His helpless widow Mura was escorted
by her brothers. She escaped to the city called Pushpapura (also known as
Kusumapura or Patiliputra) where she gave birth to Chandragupta in 340 BC [3]. The families
of displaced Kshatriyas were living in hiding from... click here to read more.
22. Malla – Sainthwar as Vratya Kshatriya in Manusmiriti:
According to Manu, a twice born (dvijati) produces on a similar woman
(savarna), those who do not observe vrata (sacrifices) and these people who are
not entitled to the sacred thread ceremony are called Vratya. He listed many
tribes present in the society of that time as Vratyas and also mentioned about
few who were even degraded to the level of Shudras or labor class. In the list,
Bhurjakantaka, Avantya, Vatadhana, Pushpadha and Saikha tribe are listed as
Vratya Brahmins. The tribes of Jhallas, Mallas, Lichchhavis, Natas, Karanas,
Khasas and Dravidas are listed as Vratya Kshatriyas....... click here to read more
23. Prevalence of cross-cousin marriages in north India
till 500 AD:
Historically there are many examples which support
the prevalence of cross-cousin marriage across northern India before the
composition of Manusmiriti. The marriage of Ashoka’s daughter Sanghamitra with
his sister’s son is one such example. The tradition of marriage in close family
members of Shakya tribes is another such example. Even in the early Vedic age
civilization, epic Mahabharata shows Arjuna marrying his maternal cousin sister
Subhadra.............. click here to read more
24. From Buddhist (Mall – Sainthwar, Bhumihar and
Gorakhnath) to Hindu Shaiva followers (Mall – Sainthwar, Bhumihar and
Goarakhnath) in 12th century AD :
The disappearance of Buddhism in eastern
Uttar Pradesh: In the midst of these developments the Buddhist center of Nath
Sampradaya, situated in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, finally embraced
Shaivism leading to the merger of Buddhism and Hinduism in one fold. The merger
was facilitated by Guru Gorakhnath who, according to Bengal and Tibetan
traditions, was originally a Buddhist* but after accepting Shaivism put great
efforts for merger of the Mahayana sect of Buddhism with Hinduism. All these
factors................ click here to read more.
25. Status of Buddhist (Vratya Brahmins and Vratya Kshtariyas) in Hindu
society after 12th century AD:
In Kshatriya populations, similar to Buddhist Brahmins, few who never left
their Brahmanic rituals completely even after adopting Buddhism, retained their
Vratya Kshatriya status in view of orthodox Brahmins after the extinction of
Buddhism. This is evident from the example of Gupta King
Samudragupta............... click here to read more.
26. Riderless horse, decorated elephant statues under
tree of Buddhism in Gorakhpur to Dih baba and Kali Maiya of Hinduism after 12th
Century AD :
Other than the human form of elephant headed deity,
the worship of stone images of elephant having appearance of Vahana continued
in the regions belonging to ancient republics or the land of initial Buddhism
i.e. Gorakhpur and the surrounding regions of eastern Uttar
Pradesh............. Click here to read more.
27. Upper caste population - a Brahmanism following
phenomena and not economical or occupational phenomena:
In the census, the regions which had large
Dravidian, Mongoloid and Negroid population and followed anti-Vedic faiths such
as Buddhism, Jainism and other aboriginal cults, show a higher Shudra Varna
population that also included despised and out-caste populations. On the other
side, the epicenter of Brahmanism and the settlement of Indo-Aryans i.e. Uttar
Pradesh and Rajasthan recorded the highest upper caste
population.................. click here to read more.
28. Caste based atrocities with Shivaji and Vivekananda:
The very hostile approach of orthodox Brahmins
toward shudra classified Kshatriyas is preserved in the history of 17th century
Maharashtra. The event belongs to none other than the great Maratha King
Shivaji who founded the Maratha Empire by fighting with Mughal Empire when most
Rajputs/Kshatriyas of northern India accepted the subordination of the Mughals.
The entire event goes like
this................................................... Even though the
Sat-shudras occupied superior position amongst Shudras still their
socio-religious position was not good in the society of Bengal. It can be seen
from the example of Swami Vivekananda, a Kayastha by birth. Swami was
manhandled near the Dakineshwar temple for the reason that why a Shudra became
monk which according to the scriptures, does not have such rights....... click here to read more
29. Difficulty in tracing ancient communities:
Out if many such books, some have been recovered
only after a long time gap. Arthshashtra, written by Chanakya, was lost
by the end of Gupta Empire and was not discovered until the early 20th century.
Its translation from Sanskrit to English and Hindi did not occur by 1915. Its
subsequent translations into other languages did not take place until the 1920s
and 1930s. This way, the contents of Arthshastra were out of the reach of early
historians and anthropologist for long period. The story is not different for
King Ashoka whose Chakra is placed at the center of the Indian flag and
the Lion capital of Sarnath accepted as the National Emblem of India.
Ashoka was forgotten for almost 1,000 years before rediscovering to India by
British archeologist in 1850s. ........... click here to
read more
30. Mall – Sainthwar community from 600 BC till 1921:
The Malla - Sainthwar community, popularly known as
Saithwar, is thickly settled in Gorakhpur, Deoria, Maharajganj, Kushinagar and
Mau (Natthapur Pargana) districts of Uttar Pradesh. The scattered population is
found in Basti district of Uttar Pradesh, western parts of Bihar, Kapilvastu,
Rupandehi, Nawalparasi and Chitwan districts of the Terai belt of Nepal.
Geographically, the present settlements of the Mall - Sainthwar exist on the
land of ancient Gana-Sanghas which were ruled by the Kshatriya tribes of the
Mallas, Koliyas, Shakyas and Mauryas,............... click here to read more
31. Census of India and research by various authors:
The Census of North-West Provinces, 1865 records the
population of Sainthwar at 59,823 and 2,573 under the title of ‘Koormi
Sainthwar’ in Goruckpore and ‘Mull’ in Azimgurh respectively........... click here to read more.
32. Population of Malla – Sainthwar community on time
scale:
The population of Mauryas, Mall-Sainthwars and
Bhumihars are found in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It is fair to assume that these
communities could have shown similar growth in population as that witnessed by
states in the period of 1901 to 2011. On bigger time scale, the population of
India before the Common Era is estimated to be nearly half of that recorded in
the census of 1871 or 1921. Based on it, the population of the ancestors of the
three communities........... click here to read more
33. Mall – Sainthwar community: past to present
evolution:
The ancient texts mention Malla, Maurya, Shakya and
Koliya as the few ruling or warrior tribes in and around Malla mahajanpada.
Within them, the Shakyas and Koliyas are especially shown as agriculturist
tribes. Except Koliya who are referred as Nagavanshi, the other three tribes are
referred as Suryavanshi. As Koliyas were serpent worshippers, the tribe
belonged to Naga populations. The same is confirmed from the visit of Ashoka to
Ramagrama, the capital of the Koliyas. Ashoka encountered a Naga King
worshipping the stupa built by the Koliyas............ click here to
read more.
34. Mall – Sainthwar population in various censuses from 1865 till 1931:
The population of community from 1865 to 1931 has been given in Table 8.2.2a.
The census of 1865 records the total population at 59,823 in Gorakhpur Province
while 2,573 in Azamgarh Province (now Mau district). The total population of
the community was slightly higher than the above numbers......... click here to read more
35. Some Rajput tribes like Kausik, Srinet, Rajkumar etc
with their approximate population in 2011 across India.......... click here to read more
36. Evolution of Mall – Sainthwar community:
Concluding, the majority populations of Sainthwar
community carry the legacy of ancient Indo-Aryan and aboriginal warriors who
turned to atheist faith Buddhism during the Buddha period. They evolved as a
community due to their group structure and similar to the Buddhist Brahmins got
an ambiguous position in society after the fall of Buddhism. The community also
has some Brahmanic Kshatriya / Rajput population in it and they are the
BisenMalls of Madhuban, Gaharwars of Padrauna and Rajputs associated with
Mahabat Khan’s 1626 rebellion. ................. click here to read more
37. Migration of wounded Rajputs related to Mahabat
Khan's 1626 AD rebellion against Jahangir:
Sir H. M. Elliot [14] describes the entire event as ‘Mahabat Khan had
cleverly seen through Asaf’s designs, and had brought with him 4000-5000
Rajputs, brave men united in one cause. He had also brought the wives and
families of many of them, so that, if driven to extremity, they would fight to
the last for the lives and honour of themselves and their families.’.......
click here to read more
38. The clans and villages of Mall–Sainthwar-Rajput community – click here to read more
39. Bisen Mall population:
Within all Rajput / Kshatriya clans occupying the
region of Gorakhpur, Bisen Kshatriyas are most respected. With a total
population of approximately 306,000 in year 2011, they are thickly settled in
Balrampur, Gonda and Faizabad which also accounts for 1/3rd of their total
population. The other major settlements are found in ....................... click here to
read more
40. Evolution of Bisen community:
The Bisens are not mentioned in Rajputana anywhere
and were never a historical figure before the period of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
They rose to prominence only after their good services to Mughal Empire and
after migration of Rajputs in these regions in the medieval period. The
literary meaning of Bisva Sen, big population number spread across some
districts which is the land of initial Buddhism, five different clans and
gotras support the view of A.H Bingley that Bisen is probably a title adopted
or given to a group of Kshatriya tribes........... click here to read more.
41. Raja Nattha Mall (Madhuban Mall Vanshavali) as Raja
Majhauli in Jahangir court in 1605 and 1615 AD:
- I gave 5,000 rupees to Nathu Mal, Raja of
Manjholi. 4 A remarkable occurrence was the discovery of a letter from Mirza
'Aziz........... On the 5th Amurdad, to the mansab of Raja Nathmal, which was
1,500 personal and 1,100 horse, an addition of 500 personal and 100 horse was
made......................click here to read more
42. Enmity between Bisen clan:
The family relations between the Bisen pattidars
became very weak after the episode of Raja Salem. Slowly the families came on
the verge of losing their kinship ties as the three pattidars were not
participating in any family event held at Majhauli and vice versa. In
subsequent years, Majhauli became more powerful than others. It is recorded
that the Majhauli Kings refused to eat bhat with the Chiefs of Gonda,
Pratapgarh............. click here to read more
43. The Gaharwar lineage:
The Gaharwars are considered as one of the ancient
Kshatriya tribes similar to the Bisens and Chandels with their settlements
dating to Vedic age civilization. According to the myths, the daughter of Manu
was Ela. She was married to the Himalayan king Chandra’s son Buddha. The son
born from this relation............. click here to
read more
44. The establishment of Padrauna estate:
In 1564 AD, few Gaharwar Rajputs migrated from the
Kantit Raj when it was destroyed by Ali Quli Khan and Bahadur Khan. The family
traditions of Padrauna estate say that after killing of his father Dadu Rai,
the small prince Bhual alias Bhupal went to Madhuban and stayed with his fufa
(spouse of father’s sister) Madhav Mall. Once young, he joined the Mughal army
and got the title of "Rai" for his valorous work. Bhual Rai was then
known as Rai Bhual Rai. .................. click here to read more
45. Controversy over the lineage of Gaharwars of
Padrauna:
L. K. Mall mentions the valor of Bhual Rai while
describing about the event in which he defeated the Makwani kings and in return
got some land in the form of zamindari (later Padrauna) from Majhauli King
during the period of Akbar. However at second place, he mentions the lineage of
Padrauna Kings from a servant of King Hom Mall. .................. click here to read more
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